FlyBase:Gene Report

Last Updated: 12 December 2017

The Gene Report provides information on individual genes. The report also contains summaries and links to individual reports relating to objects associated with the gene, such as mutant alleles of the gene (including both classical alleles and alleles carried within transgenic constructs), transcripts and proteins encoded by the gene and their expression pattern data, and transgenic constructs and insertions. A link to search for stocks carrying these objects is also provided.

A locus may have been mapped to the genome and have an annotation, or it may only have been identified genetically via its mutant phenotype. Both types of locus are given gene reports in FlyBase.

As well as including gene reports for genes derived from species within the family Drosophilidae, FlyBase also includes gene reports for non-drosophilid genes ("foreign genes") that have been introduced into Drosophila via transgenic constructs and for engineered objects such as a fusion gene between two D.melanogaster genes.

FlyBase attributes data to the publication that reported it, so that users can easily refer back to the original publication. Thus, where possible in the fields below, the publication(s) that are the source of the information are listed, typically in parentheses to the right of the data.

This is a field-by-field guide to the information provided in the Gene Report.

General Information

Symbol	The valid symbol that is used in FlyBase for the gene. The first part of the symbol (before the '\') is the standard prefix for the species (from the Species Abbreviations list). For species other than D.melanogaster, the species prefix is displayed wherever the gene symbol is used throughout FlyBase. For D.melanogaster genes, the species prefix is only displayed in the General Information section at the top of a Report.
Name	The valid full name that is used in FlyBase for the gene.
Feature type	A single controlled vocabulary term from the Sequence Ontology (SO), which aims to describe the key type of the gene. The single term in this field is computed by FlyBase from the full list of SO terms listed in the Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene section of the Gene Report. See Computed Feature type of genes for a detailed description of how the term is selected.
Gene Model Status	The status of the gene model, which represents the summation of the sequence level descriptions of the mature transcripts and, for protein coding genes, coding sequences and polypeptides encoded by an individual gene. Status is reported as follows: Current The gene has a current gene model (indicated in the report by the presence of an annotation symbol and genomic sequence location). Uncertain The gene has a current gene model, but supporting data are either inconclusive or ambiguous. Please see "Comments on Gene Model" section of the Gene Report for further explanation. Incomplete FlyBase annotators have determined that this gene model is incomplete due to genomic assembly/sequencing gaps or unidentified translation start sites. Withdrawn The gene had a gene model in a previous FlyBase release, but newer data do not support the existence of such a gene model. Unannotated The gene doesn't have, and has never had, a gene model; the gene is inferred to exist from genetic data only, or, it does not map to the reference genome assembly. Not Applicable (N/A) There is no FlyBase gene model (and thus no gene model status) for certain types of gene records: non-Drosophilid genes (e.g., Scer\GAL4, Avic\GFP); synthetic genes (e.g., Hsap\T:Hsap\MYC, Zzzz\T:Zzzz\FLAG); natural transposable element genes (e.g., Dmel\copia\GIP, Dmel\gypsy\pol); gene family records (e.g., Dmel\His2A).
Species	The organism that the gene originates from, with the initial letter of the genus and the full species name listed.
Annotation symbol	The current symbol for the annotation that represents the gene (if applicable).
FlyBase ID	The Primary FlyBase identifier number of the gene, used to uniquely identify the gene in the database. A gene may also have any number of Secondary FlyBase identifier numbers, which are listed in the SECONDARY FLYBASE IDs section of the Gene Report.
Stock availability	A list of experimental lines relating to this gene that are available for order from public stock centers.
Enzyme Name (EC)	Where relevant, the systematic name(s) for an enzyme together with its Enzyme Commission (EC) number(s). These data are derived from our Gene Ontology (GO) Molecular Function annotations by using the EC cross-references within the GO. Each EC number is linked to the corresponding page at the ExPASy ENZYME database.
Gene Snapshot	A short summary designed to provide a quick overview of the function of the gene's products. It is based on key points solicited from expert researchers, and revised by FlyBase curators. The review date is stated, and cases that are in progress or are deemed to have insufficient data to summarize are stated as such.
Other Summaries	Links to the summaries available for this gene.
Also Known As	Symbol synonyms that do not match the current gene symbol or annotation ID but have been used to refer to the gene in at least two papers. A maximum of ten case-insensitive synonyms are shown - when synonyms differ only by case, the version associated with most papers is reported.
Keys Links	Links to the corresponding pages at other key bioinformatic resources, specifically the Alliance of Genome Resources, NCBI Gene, Ensembl, UniProtKB and RNAcentral, the latter two dependent on whether the gene is protein-coding or not. Full and explicit crossreferences for these and other resources are shown in the ‘External Crossreferences and Linkouts’ section.

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic Map	A computed cytological location, based on the position on the genome to which the gene maps. This field is only filled in for genes with annotations. See Computed cytological data for a detailed description of how this computed cytological location is calculated.
Sequence location	The extent of the transcription unit on the genome, prefixed with the chromosome arm that the gene is located on. The strand to which the gene maps is indicated in square brackets after the sequence coordinates. This field is only filled in for genes with annotations.
Genomic Maps	A GBrowse thumbnail showing the location of the gene (highlighted in yellow) in the genome. Clicking on any of the genes visible in the thumbnail will take you to the corresponding gene report. To the left of the GBrowse thumbnail, there are links to the GBrowse and JBrowse tool. To the right of the GBrowse thumbnail, there are options for downloading sequences associated with the gene. The drop-down menu allows the selection of the sequence of interest. The button beneath returns the sequence via the Sequence Downloader tool. The following sequences can be downloaded: Gene region Extended Gene region CDS Introns Exons Transcripts Translations 5' UTR 3' UTR
Other Genome Views	Links to external genome browsers.

Tag or Foreign Gene Data

This section is only displayed in an individual Gene Report if the gene is a "tag" or a "foreign gene". (A "tag" is a DNA fragment that is used to confer a novel property to a gene product, and may be artificial or derived from a Drosophilid or non-drosophilid gene. A "foreign gene" is any non-drosophilid gene that has been introduced into Drosophila, for example via a transgenic construct.) For tags, this section shows the species from which the gene is derived, the nature of the tag, and either a sequence accession number (if available) or a brief description of the tag. For foreign genes, this section shows the species from which the gene is derived, the gene symbol, and where possible an accession number for the gene (either an identifier number from a human or model organism database, or a sequence accession number).

GO summary ribbons

GO Summary Ribbons are graphical summaries, designed to give an immediate overview of a gene product's properties and depth of characterization. They are derived from the Gene Ontology (GO) terms associated with the gene, divided into aspects of molecular function, biological process and cellular component. The GO annotations are grouped under high-level summary categories and are presented as colored cells in the row or 'ribbon'. The depth of color of each cell indicates how many unique terms are grouped in a particular category. The unique terms that group under a particular cell can be seen by mousing-over the cell. Some terms may group under more than one cell because the GO allows multiple ancestry. In the top left corner, Detailed GO annotations links to the Gene Ontology section of the report, where the annotations are displayed in full.

Families, Domains and Molecular Function

Gene Group Membership (FlyBase)	Lists any FlyBase Gene Groups the gene is a member of, with a link to the Gene Group Report.
Protein Family (UniProt, Sequence Similarities)	Lists any UniProt Protein Families shown in their 'Sequence similarities' section, with the evidence code and a link to corresponding UniProt page.
Protein Domains/Motifs	Lists InterPro protein domains or motifs found in the protein encoded by the gene with link to the corresponding InterPro page.
Molecular Function (see GO section for details)	A summary of the Gene Ontology Molecular Function terms associated with the gene, divided into terms with Experimental Evidence and Predictions/Assertions. Each term is linked to the appropriate Term Report. For the full Gene Ontology (GO) data, including evidence and attributions, see the Gene Ontology section.
Catalytic Activity (EC)	. divided into terms with Experimental Evidence and Predictions/Assertions. Each term is linked to the appropriate

Summaries

Gene Snapshot	A short summary designed to provide a quick overview of the function of the gene's products. It is based on key points solicited from expert researchers, and revised by FlyBase curators. The review date is stated, and cases that are in progress or are deemed to have insufficient data to summarize are stated as such.
FlyBase Automatically Generated Summary	Generated automatically from information in the gene report and related allele reports. For more information about each statement in the summary see the relevant section in the gene gene/allele report.
Gene Group Membership	Each FlyBase Gene Group that the gene is a member of is listed with a description of that group. The Gene Group name is hyperlinked to the corresponding Gene Group Report.
UniProt Contributed Function Data	Shows the summary shown in the UniProt 'Function' section, with the evidence code and a hyperlink to corresponding UniProt page.
Red Book	Phenotypic descriptions of mutants of this gene from the Red Book (Lindsley and Zimm 1992). Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage.
Interactive Fly	Shows a summary of the gene from Interactive Fly. Links to the summary on the FlyBase wiki and to the gene page in Interactive Fly.

Gene Model & Products

The number of transcripts abd unique polyptides annotated for the gene are given.

A GBrowse graphic showing the gene model. The grene's transcripts, CDS and any transgene insertion sites in the region are shown. For a more detailed view showing more features, a link to open GBrowse in a separate window is provided above the graphic.

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

An image displaying protein domains predicted by Pfam are displayed on the longest polypeptide isoform. Mousing over the domains displays a window showing the full domain name and the amino acid position in the polypeptide.

The corresponding InterPro data is shown in a table below.

Protein Domains (via SMART)

An image displaying protein domains predicted by SMART are displayed on the longest polypeptide isoform. Mousing over the domains displays a window showing the full domain name and the amino acid position in the polypeptide.

The corresponding InterPro data is shown in a table below.

Comments on Gene Model

Comments regarding the annotation of the gene, including whether the gene model contains any unconventional features.

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene

A list of controlled vocabulary terms from the Sequence Ontology (SO), which describe the class of the gene. Aspects of the gene class which are described by the SO terms include (but are not limited to):

- the type of molecule (e.g. protein, tRNA, rRNA) encoded by the gene.

- where the gene is encoded (e.g. nucleus, mitochondrion).

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

A table listing the annotated transcripts of the gene, their FlyBase identifier number, length in nucleotides and length in amino acid residues of the associated coding sequence (CDS). Clicking on a transcript symbol will take you to the relevant Transcript Report.

Additional Transcript Data & Comments

Reported transcript sizes (kB)	A list of transcript sizes that have been reported in the literature along with the associated reference.
Comments	Miscellaneous free text comments related to reported transcripts along with the associated reference.

External Data

A list of accession numbers from external databases that are relevant to the transcripts of the gene. The accession numbers are FlyBase curated links.

Accession numbers from the following databases are currently displayed in this section:

MIR - miRBase, microRNA data

Rfam - RNA families database of alignments and CMs

These links are also displayed together with all other external data links for the gene in the External Crossreferences and Linkouts section of the Gene Report.

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

A table listing the annotated polypeptides of the gene, their FlyBase identifier number, predicted molecular weight (kD), length in amino acid residues, theoretical pI, and GenBank protein accession numbers. Clicking on a polypeptide symbol will take you to the relevant Polypeptide Report.

Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments

Reported protein sizes (kB)	A list of protein sizes that have been reported in the literature along with the associated reference.
Comments	Miscellaneous free text comments related to reported proteins along with the associated reference.

External Data

A list of links to external databases that are relevant to the polypeptides encoded by the gene.

These links are also displayed together with all other external data links for the gene in the External Crossrefences and Linkouts section of the Gene Report.

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

A table of sequence accession numbers that support the gene model. Clicking on the accession number will take you to the appropriate entry in the external database from which they are derived. Sequences associated with genes that do not yet have an annotation are also listed in this section.

The table contains accession numbers from the following databases:

DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank - nucleic acid accession number and associated protein ID number (if applicable).

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - protein accession number.

UniProtKB/TrEMBL - protein accession number.

These accessions are both FlyBase curated links and associations made by automated assessment of aligned cDNA and EST nucleotide sequences.

Mapped Features

A table listing features associated with the gene, additional to the basic transcript and polypeptide structure, that have been mapped to the genome and form part of the annotation of the gene. The table lists the type of feature in the first column. The second column contains the feature's name as well as its location on the genome. The third column lists the evidence type, any associated mapping information, and any comments related to mapping the feature. The fourth column lists the reference used to map the feature.

External Data

A list of links to external databases that are relevant to the gene model as a whole, but not specifically to individual gene products.

These links are also displayed together with all other external data links for the gene in the External Crossreferences and Linkouts section of the Gene Report.

Gene Ontology

Gene Ontology (GO) controlled vocabulary (CV) terms assigned to genes based on evidence in external publications and internal analysis. Note that terms are assigned to genes but apply to the product of that gene. The number in parentheses shows the total number of different terms assigned to a gene.

More information about how GO terms are assigned can be found under the Classification of Gene Products using Gene Ontology (GO) terms.

The current release of GO data for all FlyBase genes can be found in the gene_association.fb file. The latest version of this data is available for download here from the Gene Ontology consortium site. Details about the file format and comments on version differences can be found in the documentation on the Classification of Gene Products using Gene Ontology (GO) terms.

Molecular Function

A list of GO molecular function terms associated with the product(s) of the gene. For each term, the type of evidence used to assign the term and the reference containing the evidence are provided. The terms are divided into 'Terms Based on Experimental Evidence' and 'Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions'.

CV term

Clicking on the term in the CV term column will take you to the relevant GO CV Term Report, which includes a definition of the GO term (where available).

GO CV terms may be preceded by qualifiers. The qualifier NOT is used to make an explicit note that the gene product is not associated with the GO term. The qualifier contributes_to is used when an individual gene product that is part of a complex can be annotated to terms that describe the function of the complex. contributes_to can only be used to qualify GO molecular function terms.

Evidence

The type of evidence used to support the GO term is indicated in the evidence column. The evidence code documentation contains details of the evidence codes used by FlyBase. More information is available in the Gene Ontology Guide to GO Evidence Codes.

Some types of evidence can be supported by other database objects. These objects are identified by their database abbreviation followed by a colon and the unique identifier for the object in that database. A list of current database abbreviations can be found in the GO.xrf_abbs file. The evidence code documentation explains which codes can be used with other database objects and the special meaning attached to using multiple objects in evidence.

Biological Process

A list of GO biological process terms associated with the product(s) of the gene. For each term, the type of evidence used to assign the term and the reference containing the evidence are provided. The terms are divided into 'Terms Based on Experimental Evidence' and 'Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions'.

CV term

Clicking on the term in the CV term column will take you to the relevant GO CV Term Report, which includes a definition of the term (where available).

GO CV terms may be preceded by qualifiers. The qualifier NOT is used to make an explicit note that the gene product is not associated with the GO term.

Evidence

The type of evidence used to support the GO term is indicated in the evidence column. The evidence code documentation contains details of the evidence codes used by FlyBase. More information is available in the Gene Ontology Guide to GO Evidence Codes.

Some types of evidence can be supported by other database objects. These objects are identified by their database abbreviation followed by a colon and the unique identifier for the object in that database. A list of current database abbreviations can be found in the GO.xrf_abbs file. The evidence code documentation explains which codes can be used with other database objects and the special meaning attached to using multiple objects in evidence.

Cellular Component

A list of GO cellular component terms associated with the product(s) of the gene. For each term, the type of evidence used to assign the term and the reference containing the evidence are provided. The terms are divided into 'Terms Based on Experimental Evidence' and 'Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions'.

CV term

Clicking on the term in the CV term column will take you to the relevant GO CV Term Report, which includes a definition of the term (where available).

GO CV terms may be preceded by the qualifiers. The qualifier NOT is used to make an explicit note that the gene product is not associated with the GO term. The qualifier colocalizes_with is used when a gene product is transiently or peripherally associated with an organelle or complex. It is also used in cases where the resolution of an assay is not accurate enough to say that the gene product is a bona fide component member. colocalizes_with can only be used to qualify GO cellular component CV terms.

Evidence

The type of evidence used to support the GO term is indicated in the evidence column. The evidence code documentation contains details of the evidence codes used by FlyBase.

Some types of evidence can be supported by other database objects. These objects are identified by their database abbreviation followed by a colon and the unique identifier for the object in that database. A list of current database abbreviations can be found in the GO.xrf_abbs file. The evidence code documentation explains which codes can be used with other database objects and the special meaning attached to using multiple objects in evidence.

Expression Data

Transcript Expression

A three column table with the headings Stage, Tissue/Position, and Reference. Each row in the table represents one distinct expression pattern defined by time of expression (Stage) and by location of expression (Tissue/Position). Each distinct expression pattern is attributed to the reference that reported it. Developmental stages, anatomical parts and subcellular localization are described using controlled vocabulary terms.

The table is subdivided by the assay, when appropriate.

Additional Descriptive Data

Free-text curated descriptions of expression patterns, sorted by year of reference.

Marker for

An anatomical structure or cellular component where the expression of a gene has been used as a marker for a particular tissue or developmental state.

Subcellular Localization

A table of Gene Ontology (GO) cellular component terms that describe the subcellular location of the transcript(s) of this gene. For each term, the type of evidence used to assign the term and the reference containing the evidence are provided.

Polypeptide Expression

A three column table with the headings Stage, Tissue/Position, and Reference. Each row in the table represents one distinct expression pattern defined by time of expression (Stage) and by location of expression (Tissue/Position). Each distinct expression pattern is attributed to the reference that reported it. Developmental stages, anatomical parts and subcellular localization are described using controlled vocabulary terms.

The table is subdivided by the assay used, when appropriate.

Additional Descriptive Data

Free-text curated descriptions of expression patterns, sorted by reference.

Marker for

An anatomical structure or cellular component where the expression of a gene has been used as a marker for a particular tissue or developmental state.

Subcellular Localization

A list of Gene Ontology (GO) cellular component terms that describe the subcellular location of the polypeptide(s) of this gene. For each term, the type of evidence used to assign the term and the reference containing the evidence are provided.

Expression Deduced from Reporters

Reporters are listed as a series of tables. In the subsection header, the reporter symbol is linked to the relevant report. A three column table with the headings Stage, Tissue/Position, and Reference. Each row in the table represents one distinct expression pattern defined by time of expression (Stage) and by location of expression (Tissue/Position). Each distinct expression pattern is attributed to the reference that reported it. Developmental stages, anatomical parts and subcellular localization are described using controlled vocabulary terms.

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools: Links to associated tools that enable visualization and searching of High-Throughput Expression Data
- GBrowse2: view the gene's RNA-Seq signal across genomic regions.
- RNA-seq: view expression profiles for each of the gene's exons across development or various tissues.

Bulk Downloads: Download file of RNA-Seq RPK values for all genes.

Reference: Reference for high-throughput expression data set.

FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray

Microarray expression values are provided by FlyAtlas and genes are sorted into one of five gene expression level bins by FlyBase (from "No expression" to "Very high expression"). See the FlyAtlas-RNA.adult and FlyAtlas-RNA.larva dataset reports for details.

modENCODE RNA-Seq

RNA-Seq expression values are calculated by FlyBase from coverage data (provided to us by the modENCODE project), as described by Gelbart and Emmert, 2013; genes are sorted into one of eight gene expression level bins (from "No/Extremely low expression" to "Extremely high expression"). Expression values are presented as user-configurable histograms/heatmaps, color-coded by expression level bin. Expression values can be downloaded as a tab-separated values (.tsv) file. Links to the relevant dataset reports are at the top left of each section.

modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq - see the modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U dataset report for details.

modENCODE Development RNA-Seq - see the modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues dataset report for details.

modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq - see the modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.B dataset report for details.

modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq - see the modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments dataset report for details.

NIH Anatomical Expression RNA-Seq' - expression levels for D. pseudoobscura genes from modENCODE RNA-Seq datasets: NIH_mRNA_Dpse_gonads_carcasses, NIH-Dpse_1_adult_heads and NIH_mRNA_Dpse_2_adults.

Developmental Proteome

Normalized, label-free quantitative (LFQ) protein expression was obtained from Casas-Vila et al., 2017 for about 8,000 protein coding genes. Expression values are sorted into one of seven expression level bins (from "at/below limit of detection" to "very high expression"). Expression values are presented as user-configurable histograms, color-coded by expression level bin. Expression values can be downloaded as a tab-separated values (.tsv) file. Links to the relevant dataset reports are at the top left of each section.

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis - see the Casas-Vila_proteome_embryogenesis dataset report for details.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle - see the Casas-Vila_proteome_life_cycle dataset report for details.

External Data and Images

This section includes:

Linkouts to external resources.

Expression pattern images.

A link to the FlyBase wiki image resources page.

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs and Phenotypes

A series of tables containing classical and insertion alleles, transgenic constructs, aberrations and a summary of phenotypes. Allele symbols are hyperlinked to the corresponding Allele Report which contains more detailed information.

A camera thumbnail indicates that there is an image of the mutant phenotype for this allele. It is hyperlinked to the relevant section of Allele Report.

Classical and Insertion Alleles

The number in parentheses in the section header shows the total number of classical and insertion alleles that exist in FlyBase for this gene.

A table listing all the classical and insertion alleles of the gene together with summary information:

Column heading	Description
Allele of <gene>	Allele symbol. Click on this to go to the relevant Allele Report.
Class	Allele class term that broadly describes the type of allele. Click on the term to go to the relevant Term Report.
Mutagen	Mutagen used to generate the allele. Clicking on the term to go to the relevant Term Report.
Associated Insertion	Symbol of any insertion(s) associated with the allele, if applicable. Click on the symbol to go to the relevant Insertion Report.
Stocks	Link to a hitlist of stocks from the public stock centers that contain this allele.
Known lesion	'Yes' if details of the lesion that causes the allele are known.

Click on the buttons at the top of this section to get either pre-selected data for all classical and insertion alleles, or to choose specific fields using the Batch Download tool.

Other relevant insertions

A table showing other relevant insertions that affect the gene, subdivided into types of insertion. Each insertion type is only displayed on an individual Gene Report if it contains data.

Types of insertion shown are:

Insertion type	Description
insertion of mobile activating element	The inserted element contains regulatory sequences that can activate expression of nearby endogenous loci.
insertion of enhancer trap	The inserted element is an enhancer trap element.
insertion of enhancer trap binary system	The inserted element is an enhancer trap element that encodes a driver that forms part of a binary expression system.
miscellaneous insertions	The inserted element does not fall into any of the above categories.

The table indicates whether expression data is available.

Clicking on the insertion symbol will take you to the relevant Insertion Report.

Transgenic Constructs

The number in parentheses in the section header shows the total number of transgenic constructs that exist in FlyBase containing/affecting coding region for this gene.

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of gene

A table listing all the transgenic constructs containing/affecting the coding region of the gene, together with summary information:

Column heading	Description
Allele of <gene>	Allele symbol. Click on this to go to the relevant Allele Report.
Mutagen	Mutagen used to generate the allele. Clicking on the term to go to the relevant Term Report.
Associated Transgenic Construct	Transgenic construct symbol. Click on this to go to the relevant Recombinant Construct Report.
Stocks	Link to a hitlist of stocks from the public stock centers that contain an insertion of this transgenic construct.

Click on the buttons at the top of this section to get either pre-selected data for all alleles carried on transgenic constructs, or to choose specific fields using the Batch Download tool.

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of gene

A table showing transgenic constructs containing the regulatory region of the gene, subdivided by the type of construct. Each constructs type is only displayed on an individual Gene Report if it contains data.

Types of constructs shown are:

Construct type	Description
reporter construct	Construct encodes a reporter (e.g. lacZ).
vital-reporter construct	Construct encodes a fluorescent reporter (e.g. GFP).
GAL4 construct	Construct encodes a GAL4 driver.

Clicking on the transgenic construct symbol will take you to the relevant Recombinant Construct Report.

The table indicates whether expression data is available.

Deletions and Duplications

The number in parentheses in the section header show the total number of deletions and duplications

Disrupted in	A list of aberrations that have been reported to completely delete/disrupt the gene, determined by either complementation or molecular analysis. Clicking on an aberration symbol will take you to the relevant Aberration Report. This field is only displayed in an individual Gene Report if it contains data.
Partially disrupted in	A list of aberrations that have been reported to partially disrupt the gene, determined by either complementation or molecular analysis. Clicking on an aberration symbol will take you to the relevant Aberration Report. This field is only displayed in an individual Gene Report if it contains data.
Not Disrupted in	A list of aberrations that have been reported not to disrupt the gene, determined by either complementation or molecular analysis. Clicking on an aberration symbol will take you to the relevant Aberration Report. This field is only displayed in an individual Gene Report if it contains data.
Duplicated in	A list of aberrations that have been reported to completely duplicate the gene, determined by either complementation or molecular analysis. Clicking on an aberration symbol will take you to the relevant Aberration Report. This field is only displayed in an individual Gene Report if it contains data.
Partially duplicated in	A list of aberrations that have been reported to partially duplicate the gene, determined by either complementation or molecular analysis. Clicking on an aberration symbol will take you to the relevant Aberration Report. This field is only displayed in an individual Gene Report if it contains data.
Not duplicated in	A list of aberrations that have been reported not to duplicate the gene, determined by either complementation or molecular analysis. Clicking on an aberration symbol will take you to the relevant Aberration Report. This field is only displayed in an individual Gene Report if it contains data.

Summary of Phenotypes

A table containing a summary of the phenotypes of alleles of the gene. The table lists controlled vocabulary terms describing the phenotype, together with the allele(s) of the gene which have been reported to show this phenotype.

To see the detail of the phenotype (including publications where the phenotype has been reported and additional free text comments), click on the allele symbol to go to the relevant Allele Report and look at the Phenotypic Data section.

Clicking on the controlled vocabulary term will take you to the relevant CV Term Report, which includes a definition of the term (where available).

Section	Description
Lethality	A list of reported lethal/viable phenotypes.
Sterility	A list of reported sterile/fertile phenotypes.
Other Phenotypes	A list of other reported phenotypic classes.
Phenotype manifest in	A list of the parts of the animal reported to be affected in the mutant alleles.

Orthologs

The orthologs section presents orthology calls between D. melanogaster and other species provided by DRSC Integrative Ortholog Prediction Tool (DIOPT) for human and 8 model organism species and OrthoDB for other species. The complete set of orthology calls for DIOPT and OrthoDB can be downloaded using the buttons at the top of the section and for the subsections via the download thumbnails in the subsection header bar.

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT)

This section presents orthology calls between D. melanogaster and human, as provided by the DRSC Integrative Ortholog Prediction Tool (DIOPT). The DIOPT approach integrates ortholog predictions from multiple tools, thereby giving an overview of potential orthologs derived from different algorithms. (Further documentation is here.)

The columns are:

• Species\Gene Symbol: the official human gene symbol and name, as used at (and linked to) the HGNC prefixed with the Hsap 4-letter species abbreviation used in FlyBase. The NBCI thumbnail links to the gene report page at NCBI.
• Best Score: either ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to indicate whether the given ortholog has the highest score for the query gene
• Best Rev Score: either ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to indicate whether the query gene has the highest score for the given ortholog in the reciprocal search
• Source: check-boxes indicating which individual ortholog prediction tools support a given orthologous gene-pair relationship
• Score: the number of tools that support a given orthologous gene-pair relationship compared to the total number of tools that compute orthology relationships for those two species (expressed as "X of Y")
• Alignment: link to an alignment between the given orthologous gene-pairs on the DIOPT site
• Complementation?: Where applicable, a link in the form of a yin-yang symbol to data indicating that an orthologous gene has been show to functionally complement the Dmel gene
• Transgene?: Where applicable, a link in the form of a Drosophila icon to a FlyBase Gene Report for the human gene, indicating that it has been expressed transgenically in Drosophila

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT)

This section presents orthology calls between D. melanogaster and 8 other model organisms: Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat), Mus musculus (laboratory mouse), Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog), Danio rerio (zebrafish), Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode, roundworm), Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress), (Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast)), as provided by the DRSC Integrative Ortholog Prediction Tool (DIOPT). The DIOPT approach integrates ortholog predictions from multiple tools, thereby giving an overview of potential orthologs derived from different algorithms. (Further documentation is here.)

The list of ortholog predictions is arranged by species, in order of increasing phylogenetic distance relative to human.

The columns are:

• Species\Gene Symbol: official gene symbol, as used in (and linked to) the relevant model organism database, prefixed with the 4-letter species abbreviation used in FlyBase

The NBCI thumbnail links to the gene report page at NCBI.

• Score: the number of tools that support a given orthologous gene-pair relationship compared to the total number of tools that compute orthology relationships for those two species (expressed as "X of Y")
• Best Score: either ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to indicate whether the given ortholog has the highest score for the query gene
• Best Rev Score: either ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to indicate whether the query gene has the highest score for the given ortholog in the reciprocal search
• Source: check-boxes indicating which individual ortholog prediction tools support a given orthologous gene-pair relationship
• Alignment: link to an alignment between the given orthologous gene-pairs on the DIOPT site
• Complementation?: Where applicable, a link in the form of a yin-yang symbol to data indicating that an orthologous gene has been shown to functionally complement the D. melanogaster gene
• Transgene?: Where applicable, a link in the form of a Drosophila icon to a FlyBase Gene Report for the human gene, indicating that it has been expressed transgenically in Drosophila

Other Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

This section presents a uniform set of OrthoDB-derived orthology calls between D. melanogaster and around 40 other species, biased towards those closely related to D. melanogaster. Orthology calls are arranged into 5 ‘orthology groups’: Drosophila species, non-Drosophila Dipterans, non-Dipteran Insects, non-Insect Arthropods, and non-Arthropod Metazoa.

A link to OrthoDB for each of the 5 groups is provided in the each subsection header. Below this are separate sections for each orthology group listing the relevant predicted orthologs. The groups, and the species within them, are listed in order of increasing phylogenetic distance relative to D. melanogaster.

The columns in each section are:

• Organism: the latin species designation
• Common Name: the common species name
• Gene: symbol/ID of the orthologous gene, linked to an appropriate species database or Ensembl, prefixed with the 4-letter species abbreviation used in FlyBase
• AAA Syntenic Ortholog: (only shown for the ‘Drosophila species’ group)
• Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group: either blank or ‘Y’, as appropriate

For non-D. melanogaster FlyBase gene reports, the Orthologs sections includes links to the OrthoDB Ortholog groups (if any are identified) as well as a link to the orthologous D. melanogaster gene (where one has been identified).

Human Disease Model Data

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Links to Human Disease Model Reports associated with this gene.

Alleles Reported to Model Human Disease (Disease Ontology)

Human Disease model data curated using disease terms from the Disease Ontology.

Models	A table showing any human disease(s) that are being modelled by a given mutant or transgenic allele. The phenotype(s) being studied must recapitulate some aspect of the human disease for the allele to be considered a model. In some cases, an allele may be expected to produce a disease phenotype but does not. These unexpectedly negative results are also shown. The table consists of four columns Allele - The alleles of the gene that is being used as a model. Disease - Indicates whether or not the allele is modeling the disease ('model of' or 'DOES NOT model') followed by the name of the disease (from the Disease Ontology). Evidence - If the allele models the phenotype on its own, 'Inferred from mutant phenotype' is displayed. If the mutant phenotype is only observed in combination with another allele, 'In combination with' is displayed followed by the symbols of other allele(s), with hyperlinks to the relevant allele report pages. Note that any drivers that are required for the expression of transgenic alleles are not listed in this section. References - lists the reference(s) that describe the model. This information is also shown on the individual allele reports. The information displayed in this table can be downloaded using the button at the top of the section.
Interactions	A table showing interactions of this allele with other disease-causing allele(s) The table consists of four columns Allele - The alleles of the gene that is being used as a model. Disease - the nature of the interaction ('exacerbates' or 'ameliorates' and the name of the disease (from the Disease Ontology). This column also indicates if the allele is not modifying a disease (prefixed with DOES NOT). Interaction - 'modeled by' followed by the symbol of the allele that is modeling the disease, with hyperlinks to the relevant allele report pages. References - lists the reference(s) that describes the model. This information is also shown on the individual allele reports.
Comments	Curated comments that highlight certain features of a model, for example, when particular aspects of a disease phenotype are modeled while others are not. These comments are used sparingly to avoid duplication with phenotype information. This information is also shown on the individual allele reports. The information displayed in this table can be downloaded using the button at the top of the section.

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT)

Orthology calls between D. melanogaster and human, as provided by the DRSC Integrative Ortholog Prediction Tool (DIOPT), together with links to relevant gene and phenotype reports at the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. The DIOPT approach integrates ortholog predictions from multiple tools, thereby giving an overview of potential orthologs derived from different algorithms. (Further documentation is here.)

Only predicted orthologs with a score of equal or greater than 3 (at least three prediction tools support this prediction) are shown.

The columns are:

• Gene Name: the official human gene symbol and name, as used at (and linked to) the HGNC
• Score: the number of tools that support a given orthologous gene-pair relationship compared to the total number of tools that compute orthology relationships for those two species (expressed as "X of Y")
• OMIM ID: the OMIM number for this human gene, linked to the corresponding OMIM gene report
• OMIM Phenotype: any phenotypes associated with the human gene, as reported in OMIM, and linked to the corresponding OMIM phenotype report
• Transgene in Fly: Where applicable, a link to a FlyBase Gene Report for the human gene, indicating that it has been expressed transgenically in Drosophila

Functional Complementation Data

This section reports when functional complementation of Dmel genes by non-Dmel orthologs has been observed. This data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature. The table shows a list of gene Dmel - to - non-Dmel-ortholog gene pairs where a transgenic construct/mutant allele of the non-Dmel ortholog has been shown to at least partially suppress mutant phenotype(s) of an allele of the Dmel gene.

The columns are:

• Dmel gene: current FlyBase symbol of Dmel gene

• Ortholog showing functional complementation: current FlyBase symbol of a non-Dmel ortholog of the 'Dmel gene' in column 1 where this non-Dmel gene has been show to functionally complement the Dmel gene.

• Supporting References: list of publications that reported the suppression of a mutant phenotype of the Dmel gene by a transgenic construct/mutant allele of the non-Dmel ortholog.

Interactions and Pathways

Summary of Physical Interactions

Information regarding curated physical interactions for the protein and RNA products of the gene. Currently, only interactions involving two D. melanogaster genes are reported. Only pair-wise interactions are reported.

esyN Network Diagram A graphical representation of FlyBase-curated physical interactions. Linkouts to the esyN tool allow users to edit the network display by adding/deleting additional factors and genetic or physical interactions to the diagram.

“Interactions Browser” To see a graphical representation of physical interactions involving this gene click the Interactions Browser button.

RNA-RNA A table containing a summary of "RNA-RNA" physical interactions between the RNA products of two genes. The table lists each pairwise RNA-RNA interaction on a separate line of the table. The two interacting genes are indicated in the first column. Each interaction is represented as a group of reported interaction instances. All assays used in support of the interaction are listed in column 2. All references reporting the pairwise interaction are listed in column 3. Clicking on a 'Interacting group' symbol will take you to the relevant Interaction Report. Clicking on a reference will take you to the relevant Reference Report.

RNA-protein This table reports physical interactions between the protein of one gene and the RNA of another gene. The table lists each pairwise RNA-protein interaction on a separate line of the table. The two interacting genes are indicated in the first column. Each interaction is represented as a group of reported interaction instances. All assays used in support of the interaction are listed in column 2. All references reporting the pairwise interaction are listed in column 3. Clicking on a 'Interacting group' symbol will take you to the relevant Interaction Report. Clicking on a reference will take you to the relevant Reference Report.

protein-protein A table containing a summary of "protein-protein" physical interactions between the protein products of two genes. The table lists each pairwise protein-protein interaction on a separate line of the table. The two interacting genes are indicated in the first column. Each interaction is represented as a group of reported interaction instances. All assays used in support of the interaction are listed in column 2. All references reporting the pairwise interaction are listed in column 3. Clicking on a 'Interacting group' symbol will take you to the relevant Interaction Report. Clicking on a reference will take you to the relevant Reference Report.

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Information regarding curated genetic interactions for the gene. To see the full details of the genetic interactions (including the alleles used and the phenotypes seen), see the Alleles and Phenotypes section.

esyN Network Diagram A graphical representation of FlyBase-curated genetic interactions. Linkouts to the esyN tool allow users to edit the network display by adding/deleting additional factors and genetic or physical interactions to the diagram.

Interactions browser - To see a graphical representation of genetic interactions involving this gene click the Interactions Browser button.

A table containing a summary of genetic interactions between this and other genes. The table lists other gene that this gene has been shown to interact with genetically, as well as the type of interaction (suppressible, enhanceable) and the reference(s) in which the interaction is described.

Clicking on a gene symbol will take you to the relevant Gene Report for the interacting gene.

Clicking on a reference will take you to the relevant Reference Report.

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)	The chromosome arm that the gene is located on. This field is only filled in for genes with annotations.
Cytogenetic Map	A computed cytological location, based on the position on the genome to which the gene maps. This field is only filled in for genes with annotations. See Computed cytological data in FlyBase for a detailed description of how this computed cytological location is calculated.
Recombination map	A computed genetic map position for the gene, derived from the full list of terms listed in the Experimentally Determined Recombination Data subsection. The genetic map position is given as chromosome number-map position, or simply chromosome number, if the gene has not been mapped within the chromosome.
Sequence location	The extent of the transcription unit on the genome, prefixed with the chromosome arm that the gene is located on. The strand to which the gene maps is indicated in square brackets after the sequence coordinates. This field is only filled in for genes with annotations.

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

An inferred cytological location, based on the position on the genome to which the gene maps, or on polytene localization, recombination, complementation or molecular information for the gene. The evidence that was used to derive the inferred location is also given.

See Computed cytological data in FlyBase for a detailed description of how this computed cytological location is calculated.

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

A table of cytological locations that have been reported for the gene in the literature. The table also contains additional notes on the reported location, such as a comment that the cytological location is inferred from the location of a transposable element insertion causing an allele of a gene.

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

A table of genetic map data that have been reported for the gene in the literature. The table contains reported genetic map positions, given as chromosome number-map position, or simply chromosome number, if the gene has not been mapped within the chromosome.

The table also lists other genes to which the gene has been mapped to the left of or right of, and additional notes on the reported location.

If a gene has been mapped cytogenetically but not genetically, an estimated genetic position may be given in square brackets, inferred from a standard Map Conversion Table.

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks

A list of the stocks from the public stocks centers that contain this gene; genotypes may be provided. The number of stocks is indicated in parentheses. If there are a large number of stocks, the list may be truncated. Click on the 'More stocks available' button to show all in a FlyBase HitList. For participating stock centers, clicking on the stock number will take you to the appropriate stock report.

Genomic Clones

A list of genomic clones that are associated with this gene. The number of genomic clones is indicated in parentheses. Clicking on the 'List GenBank IDs' button generates a table of genomic clones related to the gene with links to GenBank records.

Note: FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete.

cDNA Clones

This section lists cDNA clones that have been associated with this gene. The number of cDNA clones is indicated in parentheses. It is subdivided to distinguish fully sequenced clones from those which have only been partially characterized. Clones that are part of the BDGP DGC collection are listed separately from the other clones.

These associations are primarily automated and at this time include clones containing inserts that support the gene model as well as clones containing inserts that overlap the gene model but do not support any of the currently annotated transcripts. Efforts have been made to eliminate from this list clones that overlap the gene model but support another gene model in the same genomic region (i.e. a gene nested within an intron of another gene). In addition, clones containing sequences that overlap transposable elements have been excluded from this list.

We plan to subdivide clones into those that completely support a gene model and those that overlap but do not support an annotation in a future iteration of the report but at this time care should be taken to assess the sequences linked to the clone before using a clone as a reagent.

RNAi & Array Information

Linkouts to RNAi and array resources. Clicking on the linkout identifier will take you to the appropriate clone report entry in the external database from which they are derived.

Resources currently listed include

DRSC

GenomeRNAi

Antibody Information

A list of publications in which the generation of antibodies against the subject polypeptide has been reported. Each entry is categorized as "polyclonal" or "monoclonal" to indicate the nature of the antibodies. In cases where a monoclonal antibody is available from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank in Iowa, a link to the DSHB website is provided in the Commercially Available Antibodies section.

FlyBase also lists antibody resources.

Other Information

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database identity of	A statement indicating that the valid symbol used in FlyBase for the gene has been changed, because it previously had an arbitrary symbol, for example a gene that was identified by genomic sequencing projects e.g. CG8896, or was a lethal locus named solely by its cytogenetic location, e.g. l(3)64Aj. The publication that was the source of the change is listed. The statement consists of the new symbol and previously used symbol of the gene at the time of the rename, prefixed with "Source for identity of: " See Gene symbols and names in the nomenclature document for cases when renaming may occur.
Source for database merge of	A statement indicating that two (or more) gene records have been merged into a single gene record in the database, together with the publication that was the source of the merge. The statement consists of the valid symbols of the gene at the time of the merge, prefixed with "Source for merge of: "
Member gene of	If a gene is present as a cluster in the genome, where each member of the cluster is so similar that they are traditionally referred to by a single name, then FlyBase creates a gene report for each individual member of the cluster, and also a "generic" report representing the cluster as a whole. For example, a generic gene record exists for "5SrRNA" and also for individual members of the cluster, such as "5SrRNA:CR33353". This field is displayed in the Gene Report for the individual member of the cluster and lists the gene symbol of the generic record, representing the whole cluster, that the gene is a member of. Clicking on the gene symbol will take you to the Gene Report for the generic record representing the whole cluster. This field is only displayed in an individual Gene Report if it contains data.
Component gene(s)	If a gene is present as a cluster in the genome, where each member of the cluster is so similar that they are traditionally referred to by a single name, then FlyBase creates a gene report for each individual member of the cluster, and also a "generic" report representing the cluster as a whole. For example, a generic gene record exists for "5SrRNA" and also for individual members of the cluster, such as "5SrRNA:CR33353". This field is displayed in the Gene Report for the generic record, representing the whole cluster, and lists the gene symbols of the individual members of the cluster. Clicking on a gene symbol will take you to the Gene Report for individual member of the cluster. This field is only displayed in an individual Gene Report if it contains data.
Encoded by	This field is typically displayed in a Gene Report for genes encoded by natural transposons, and lists the symbol of the natural transposon that encodes the gene. Clicking on the symbol will take you to the Report for the natural transposon. This field is only displayed in an individual Gene Report if it contains data.
Tags	This field is displayed in a Gene Report that represents an engineered tag that has been used in a transgenic construct to mark genes or their products. This includes epitope tags such as "Avic\T:Avic\GFP" and function tags such as nuclear localization signals. The field lists the alleles that contain the tag. Clicking on the symbol will take you to the relevant Allele Report. This field is only displayed in an individual Gene Report if it contains data.
Additional comments	Free text comments about the relationship of the gene to other genes or groups of alleles.

Other Comments

Miscellaneous free text comments about the gene.

Origin and Etymology

Discoverer

A list of the individuals who identified the gene.

Etymology

The explanation behind the gene name as reported by the authors.

Identification

Details of how the gene was identified.

External Crossreferences & Linkouts

A list of links to external databases for the gene. These links may also be present in other sections of the Gene Report, where appropriate. The Crossreferences and Other Crossreferences sections contain accession numbers which are FlyBase curated links. The Linkouts section contains linkouts to other relevant resources. Clicking on the accession number or linkout identifier will take you to the appropriate entry in the external database from which they are derived.

The Crossreferences section contains accession numbers from the following databases:

DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank - the nucleic acid sequence databases of Japan, the U.S., and Europe

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot - UniProt Knowledgebase, Swiss-Prot section

UniProtKB/TrEMBL - UniProt Knowledgebase, TrEMBL section

Synonyms & Secondary IDs

Reported As

Symbol Synonym	A list of symbols that have been used in the literature, or by FlyBase, to describe the gene.
Name Synonym	A list of names that have been used in the literature, or by FlyBase, to describe the gene.

Secondary FlyBase IDs

A list of Secondary FlyBase identifier numbers of the gene.

If a gene has a secondary identifier number, it generally indicates that at some point it has been merged with or split from other entries in the database. See the FlyBase identifier numbers section for some examples of the cases where identifier numbers are made secondary.

Datasets

A list of datasets in which the gene was either a key experimental variable, or in which the gene was a key result.

Study focus

Datasets in which the gene was a key experimental variable.

Column heading	Description
Experimental Role	How the gene was involved in the experimental design. For example, the gene may have been an "RNAi_target", or its product may have been a "bait_protein" for some ChIP study.
Project	The name of the project (dataset), which links to the FlyBase "project" report (more detailed reports for related biosamples, assays and results therein).
Project Type	The type of project. For example, "genome binding" or "transcriptome"
Title	The project's title, which provides a very short description of the study.

Study result

Coming soon. This section will document studies in which the gene is a key "hit" in some screen or analysis.

References

A list of publications that discuss the gene, subdivided into fields by type of publication. Only those fields containing data are displayed in an individual Gene Report.

The icon the top left of the list of publications lists export/download options. 'Filter' allows a text search of the publications associated with the gene and there is a drop-down 'Sort by' option to order publications.

The default view of publications is the Representative Publications field. This aims to display papers (up to 25) that are most likely to contain the most information on the gene. These publications are identified and scored using an algorithm that assesses the amount and type of data within FlyBase attached to each gene, from each publication. The annotation data being assessed includes (in order of significance): the presence of the gene name/symbol in the title/abstract, the number of Gene Ontology annotations, the number of mutant alleles, the presence of antibody data and the presence of expression data.